Estrogen therapy reduces the frequency of diabetes

October 1, 2008

Estrogen therapy reduces the frequency of diabetes

According to the large clinical trials in women postmenopause anticipated reduction in the frequency of diabetes in the background Estrogen therapy compared with placebo. However, whether this is due to the influence of estradiol on insulin or glucose metabolism remains unclear.

During two days of separate identification of the reaction of insulin and C-peptide in response to hyperglycemia (250 mg / dL) and intravenous L-arginine against the backdrop of the admission estradiol or placebo for 24 hours from 1 postmenopause women (average age 55 years ). Insulin secretion and clearance were estimated by area under the curve of C-peptide and molar ratio of C-peptide to insulin area under the curve, respectively. The average rate of distribution of glucose estimated by the level of glucose infusion during the last 30 minutes klemp method. Differences in insulin secretion or clearance against the backdrop of the admission of estradiol or placebo during the day have been identified. The level of glucose empty stomach was lower against the backdrop of estradiol in comparison to placebo, however, the average distribution of glucose does not vary. Nevertheless, with some statistical analysis of the distribution of glucose was higher against the backdrop of estradiol. There was a strong negative correlation between the length of menopause and the resulting changes in the distribution of estradiol glucose.

In contrast, the authors conjecture use estradiol for 24 hours had no impact on the secretion or clearance of estradiol in women postmenopause. However, long associated with the menopausal decline in the influence of estradiol on the distribution of glucose.

Effect of receiving anticoagulant drugs

Effect of receiving anticoagulant drugs

In the cantonal hospital Myunsterlingena (Switzerland) doctors conducted a study to determine the level of INR (international normalized relations), a group of patients receiving oral anticoagulant. The study was to determine the optimal average time interval between follow-up surveys on the level of INR (MND).

Antikoagulyatsionnaya therapy (drugs for blood dilution) is widely used by doctors worldwide, with diseases such as the atrium fibrillation, VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM, heart failure with the risk of myocardial infarction. Oral anticoagulant using vitamin K antagonists provide effective therapy for the prevention of thromboembolic events. The risk of cerebral infarction emboly Scintillations in the atrium - the most frequent sign of the disease - is reduced by about 65%. However, there are side effects from receiving anticoagulants - this bleeding. The extensive bleeding, on average, there are at 1.5-4.2% of patients receiving anticoagulant and intracerebral hemorrhage at 0.3-0.6% of patients. But even older patients, for whom the risk of bleeding is significantly higher, given the clear benefits of oral anticoagulant.

Swiss doctors was conducted prospective study and practice of quality anticoagulants for the period 20 months in patients receiving oral anticoagulant. Determining the level of INR (MND) was conducted at intervals of 23 days, which was subsequently proven as a sufficiently long interval. For 50% of patients the level of INR (MND) was outside the therapeutic area.

Long intervals in the follow-up surveys had a negative impact on the number of indicators INR (MND) in the therapeutic area. Thus, the study found that the reduction of intervals increases the reliability of control.

ITO (International normalize relations), the Latin abbreviation INR (International Normalized Ratio) - an additional way to determine the results of tests on blood coagulability recommended for control of drug therapy anticoagulants International Committee for the Study of thrombosis and hemostasis and the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology.

The level of physical activity has a direct impact on the rate of aging of the human body

The level of physical activity has a direct impact on the rate of aging of the human body

People leading sedentary lifestyles, aging, on average, ten years earlier than their more active peers, say British scientists.

A study conducted by experts from King’s College London (King’s College London) was attended by 2400 pairs of twins. Participants filled out a questionnaire indicating the frequency and intensity of physical exertion, and passed a blood test. Head of research Lynn Cherkas (Lynn Cherkas) and her colleagues measured the telomere length of chromosomes in the cells of the blood of participants and compared the figures with data from the survey.

Telomeres - the end segments of chromosomes, not carrying hereditary information. Their main function is to protect cellular DNA from deformation and damage. The length of telomeres, shrinking with each cell division, is considered the main indicator of the aging body. According to the researchers, each year the length of telomeres is reduced by an average of 21 a couple of nucleotides - the basic structure of the DNA molecule.

However, participants in this figure has varied, depending on their degree of physical activity. The average length of telomeres in people with minimal physical activity (16 minutes per week) was 200 nucleotides shorter than that of the most physically active (199 minutes per week). In other words, the most active people had the same length of telomeres, as well as those who were 10 years younger, but led sedentary lives, the scientists reported. This difference was particularly noticeable when comparing twins with different levels of activity.

Scientists have suggested that the organism is physically inactive people more sensitive to inflammation and damage to cells by oxygen. At the same time, physical activity helps to cope with stress, contributing to telomere shortening. A report on the results of the study were published in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine.

The intensity of the entire brain is working, listening to silence

September 1, 2008

Researchers Stanford University (Stanford University School of Medicine) conducted a study of the brain extracts information from a continuous flow, which comes to it from the outside world.

Scientists tested losing fragments of musical works XVIII century, which included several clear transitions between the relatively short parts. Ten men and eight women listened to music in headphones, with their brains crawled method of functional magnetic resonance tomography. Scientists have shown that music area includes the brain associated with attention and anticipation. A brain to share information on significant parts, extracts information about the beginning, end and the borders between them. Transitions between the musical parts were ideal conditions to study the dynamically changing brain activity. The peak of brain activity fell for a short period of silence between the musical excerpts.

The slowdown in the splitting of fat in the liver can lead to obesity

In the experiment on rats proved that some animal fat exchange has been slower than others. This innate feature facilitates the rapid emergence of excess weight.

Mark I. Friedman (Monell Chemical Senses Center), one of the authors of the study, suggests that a similar mechanism and it explains why some people are gaining weight more easily than others. As animals of the experiment, some people simply can not get enough energy from fat eat, so they have to eat more food.

According to other studies, people with slower metabolism of fats more prone to obesity. To understand what role obesity plays in the development of the oxidation of fats, Mark I. Friedman and his colleague Hong Ji took rats genetically susceptible to obesity and genetically resistant to it. Initially, animals fed food containing little fat, then transferred to food high in fats.

In the first part of the experiment weight animals do not differ. Nevertheless, in rats, prone to obesity, the rate of oxidation of fatty acids was lower by 35%. After adding a fatty food, rats prone to obesity, gained weight by 36% more than the animals resistant to obesity. In doing so, first consumed by only 14% more calories.

In rats, prone to obesity, decreased expression of genes responsible for the delivery of fatty acids in the liver cells and their splitting. The authors of this work is that a violation of the oxidation of fats can lead to extra weight and in humans.

While the exchange of fat is very important, scientists are advised to pay attention not only on fats, but also on carbohydrates. “I advise you not think only about the content of fat in food. To achieve normal weight are important and fats, and carbohydrates “, - said Mark I. Friedman.

Now scientists are trying to find out what exactly liver enzymes involved in the oxidation of fats, and how disrupted their work in rats, prone to obesity. In the future it will help create methods for the treatment of obesity in humans.

According to Reuters Health.

Injury of vegetarian diets

The essence of vegetarianism is the renunciation of eating products of animal origin - such as meat, milk, eggs, fish and invertebrate marine animals (crayfish, shrimp, etc.) - the so-called strict vegetarianism. And also there is no strict vegetarian diet, where the diet can include eggs and dairy products. Diet, which hover below refers to the strictly vegetarian diet.

Running diet 7 days. Estimated could be reduced by 3 kilograms of weight.

It consists of alternating between vegetable and fruit alternating days. Start and finish with a vegetable diet need of the day.

This diet is best applied in the summer-autumn season, when the market divisions and vegetable shops in abundance of vegetables and fruits, has just delivered “with beds”. And the price of this product in the season not so high.

Vegetable Day:
Breakfast: One glass of vegetable juice, 4 stewed tomatoes, green tea is better, it is possible with a lemon.
Lunch: salad of cucumber or salad of cabbage, green onions, coffee or tea with lemon can be.
Dinner: Tushenye otvarennye or cooked or steamed vegetables - a small amount of lemon juice, tea

Day fruit:
Breakfast: fruit salad (fresh apples, oranges can also be of grapefruit), coffee or tea with lemon.
Lunch: 12 melons, fruit salad (fresh apples, oranges can also be of grapefruit).
Dinner: same afternoon.

The popularity of vegetarianism in the world - great. Some people have it because of a philosophical or religious belief, such as members of the organization “Greenpeace” or adherents of Hinduism and Buddhism. These people otherwise very idea that the meat used in food animals. Some people also believe that the souls of dead people can move to animals, so killing the animal rights amounts to murder and, accordingly and have forbidden. In most poor countries vegetari anstvo is the only affordable way to nutrition due to high prices of meat and meat products. In several developed countries such as Britain, vegetarianism is attributed to more ethical or philosophical sense, drew diet in principle.

Many believe this diet is very useful for the organism. After all, plants are rich in vitamins, enzymes, fitontsi ladies, trace elements and organic acids. Fitontsi ды suppress processes rotting in the intestines, significantly improve the functioning of the bowels and contribute to the withdrawal of cholesterol from the body. In addition, vegetable products, particularly oats and barley, prevent the development of atherosclerosis.

Harm from strict vegetarian diet:

1) Kaloriynost this diet, often understated, that hardly allows for the exchange of primary energy of the human body, not to mention the physical loads;

2) Variety of proteins and carbohydrates limited than when proteins are only vegetable origin;

3) the human body during the application of diet, loses much of it needs organic matter

4) during the application of diet, the body manages partially restructure and transition to a normal diet, cause difficulty with the processes perevarivaniya food that eventually leads to discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract (caps, increased gazoobrazovanie, constipation, pain in the stomach and liver).

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